寫(xiě)essay的時(shí)候總是無(wú)從下手？背了那么多單詞卻完全不知道怎么用？寫(xiě)出來(lái)的東西讀起來(lái)總是十分生澀chinglish？那是因?yàn)槟愀静粫?huì)寫(xiě)作段落的技巧！想知道怎么寫(xiě)出像托福閱讀一樣高大上的文章嗎？往下看這篇文章，讓立思辰留學(xué)小編手把手教你這四種段落展開(kāi)神技巧！
我們知道，文章由段落組成，段落的發(fā)展從主題句開(kāi)始，段落由展開(kāi)句組成。所謂的展開(kāi)句就是在文章段落中闡明主題句的一些句子。
很多人在寫(xiě)英語(yǔ)作文時(shí)會(huì)遇到這樣的問(wèn)題：不知道怎樣寫(xiě)展開(kāi)句。他們?cè)谀玫阶魑念}目后能夠很快確定文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和主題句，但對(duì)主題句（論點(diǎn)）進(jìn)行論證時(shí)卻發(fā)現(xiàn)寫(xiě)了兩三句后就無(wú)話可說(shuō)，導(dǎo)致分析論證流于表面，無(wú)法深入。遇到這種問(wèn)題時(shí)，可以采取下面這幾種方法進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展：
舉例法是目前議論文寫(xiě)作中最常見(jiàn)，同時(shí)也是應(yīng)用最廣泛的一種段落展開(kāi)方法。通過(guò)舉例能夠讓文章內(nèi)容更加豐富，同時(shí)更加具有說(shuō)服力。
比如，有這樣一個(gè)作文題目：Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.
如果你支持題目的觀點(diǎn)，可以提出這樣的分論點(diǎn)：Being circumspect about research whose objectives are too vague can help us avoid significant opportunity costs.
展開(kāi)該分論點(diǎn)的一個(gè)方法是舉例，比如可以列舉美國(guó)的“星球大戰(zhàn)”研究計(jì)劃的例子：
Being circumspect about research whose objectives are too vague can help us avoid significant opportunity costs. Consider the “Star War” defense initiative championed by the then US President Ronald Reagan during the 1980s. In retrospect， this initiative was ill-conceived and largely a waste of taxpayers‘ money —— money that could have been devoted to addressing pressing socio-economic problems of the day， such as AIDS， environmental damage， poverty and drug trafficking. As it turned out， at the end of the “Star War” debacle America was drawn into a quagmire of economic recession and social unrest， to the detriment of the nation at large.
使用舉例法需要寫(xiě)作者具有一定的素材積累。平時(shí)閱讀的時(shí)候我們要留意收集一些具有一定通用性（即能用于很多題目的論證）同時(shí)又有一定的獨(dú)特性（即沒(méi)有被用得很濫）的例子。
反證法的思路是“如果不（接受本段的論證點(diǎn)），會(huì)（產(chǎn)生什么樣的結(jié)果）”，通過(guò)這樣的方式來(lái)對(duì)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行更加深入的思考。
舉個(gè)例子，對(duì)于這樣的題目：Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively. 我們可以提出這樣的分論點(diǎn)：Students in fields such as law and political science should think critically about current legal systems. 學(xué)習(xí)法律和政治學(xué)的學(xué)生應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)質(zhì)疑當(dāng)今存在的各種法律法規(guī)的正確性。
通過(guò)反證法可以進(jìn)行思路擴(kuò)展：如果他們不這樣做的話，會(huì)發(fā)生什么，從而提升論證的深度：
Students in fields such as law and political science should think critically about current legal systems. While law students must learn to appreciate timeless legal doctrines and principles， they should continually question the fairness and justification of current laws. Without such skepticism， our laws would not evolve to reflect changing societal values and to address new legal issues brought by new technologies， fox example AI and self-driving cars.
分類(lèi)法也是段落展開(kāi)的常見(jiàn)方法。分類(lèi)法根據(jù)事物的特點(diǎn)分別歸類(lèi)，很多東西可以被分成不同的類(lèi)別，不同的東西也可以被歸為同一類(lèi)。主題句確定后，段落的內(nèi)容有時(shí)可以用分類(lèi)順序來(lái)組織和發(fā)展。比如，同樣對(duì)于上面的題目：Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively. 我們可以采用分類(lèi)法進(jìn)行展開(kāi)，即對(duì)于不同專(zhuān)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的學(xué)生（比如物理專(zhuān)業(yè)，藝術(shù)專(zhuān)業(yè)，法律專(zhuān)業(yè)），質(zhì)疑精神對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)都同樣重要：
The value of skepticism can be illustrated by examples from various fields of study. For students in the field of physics sciences， the ability to question what they are taught is essential. History has seen many physics students， for example Copernicus and Galileo， who queried what they had been taught， thereby paving the way for innovations， invention and discoveries. For art students， it is often bold challenge to established styles and forms， rather than subpar mimicry， that enables them to produce genuinely new art. Even in fields such as law and political science， students must think critically about current legal systems； otherwise， exploitation， tyranny， and prejudice go unchecked.
因果法是論述類(lèi)文章中最常使用的方法，因果法用于說(shuō)明事物發(fā)展的原因和結(jié)果，可根據(jù)結(jié)果分析原因，也可以由原因推導(dǎo)結(jié)果。因果法非常適合用來(lái)擴(kuò)展思路。如果你文章寫(xiě)到一半覺(jué)得無(wú)話可說(shuō)，記得多想想“原因和結(jié)果”：是什么原因?qū)е铝爽F(xiàn)在正在描述的現(xiàn)象？現(xiàn)在描述的現(xiàn)象又會(huì)導(dǎo)致什么樣的結(jié)果？把這兩點(diǎn)想清楚，文章思路就有了。
如果我們持同意態(tài)度的話，會(huì)得出這樣的主論點(diǎn)：Using mobile phones and computers to communicate makes us lose the ability to communicate with each other face to face.
確定了論點(diǎn)之后，我們可以用“因果法”來(lái)展開(kāi)：為什么使用手機(jī)和電腦會(huì)降低人們的面對(duì)面溝通能力？造成人們面對(duì)面溝通能力下降的因素有哪些？這些因素會(huì)導(dǎo)致什么樣的結(jié)果？仔細(xì)分析之后不難得出下面兩條結(jié)論：
1）很多人在使用電腦或手機(jī)聊天的時(shí)候很難保持專(zhuān)注，因?yàn)樗麄儠?huì)受到大量的信息干擾（比如手機(jī)推送的新聞和游戲信息等）。習(xí)慣了網(wǎng)絡(luò)聊天的人注意力持續(xù)時(shí)間會(huì)變短，談話的時(shí)候容易分心，這會(huì)對(duì)他們?cè)诂F(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的交流造成障礙。
2）不少人習(xí)慣了在網(wǎng)絡(luò)聊天中使用各種流行語(yǔ)和縮寫(xiě)，但這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行語(yǔ)往往難登大雅之堂。如果這種習(xí)慣被帶到現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中來(lái)，就會(huì)給人造成不好的印象。
因此可以這樣展開(kāi)：
Smart phones and computers could in many ways hinder our face-to-face communication skills. Take conversational behaviour. Heavy users of such electronics often have a short attention span and are more likely to jump from topic to topic when an idea springs to mind. As a consequence， they may become unfocused and sidetracked during offline conversations. Internet slang also does its bit. Today， youngsters who text with abbreviated forms of words tend to speak with the same acronyms and use internet catchphrases heavily. These forms of talking are often construed as flighty and uneducated， from which misunderstandings ensue.
在實(shí)際寫(xiě)作中很少將一種方法運(yùn)用到底，一般都是將上面多種方法結(jié)合，例如反證+舉例，因果+舉例，分類(lèi)+反證等，這樣論證效果會(huì)更好。同時(shí)，為了使展開(kāi)句寫(xiě)得順暢連貫，我們還要留意連接詞的使用，例如：
轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：while， yet， but， however
并列關(guān)系：and， also， likewise
讓步關(guān)系：though， although， despite， in spite of
遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：moreover， what is more， furthermore， in addition， besides
寫(xiě)作是思考的反映，經(jīng)歷什么樣的思考就會(huì)寫(xiě)出什么樣的文章。因此，要真正寫(xiě)好一個(gè)段落一篇文章，除了采取以上幾種方法之外，還要學(xué)會(huì)訓(xùn)練自己的思考能力，對(duì)日常發(fā)生的大小事件、別人的觀點(diǎn)，要多從不同層面思考它們的前因后果、成立的前提、適用的領(lǐng)域等，讓寫(xiě)作水平和思維能力同步提升。
托福家考成績(jī)被Hold？3招教你自救！
